Nā hiʻohiʻona Brazil | Mākeke Hoʻokūkū Oligopoly i hoʻomalu ʻia e nā hui ʻoihana hoʻomaʻemaʻe multinational

Palakila, ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻāina ʻelima maikaʻi loa e hana ana i nā ʻāina ma ka honua, ua hoʻomalu ʻia e ka ʻumi kakini multinational conglomerates, i hoʻokumu i kahi ʻano mākeke oligopolistic a lilo i kaulahao hana honua. ʻO ka mana o nā hale hana ʻoihana nui, kākoʻo ʻia e nā ʻoihana waiwai maka a me nā mākeke kapikala, hōʻike nui i ka ikaika o ka oligopoly Brazilian.

Wahi a ka ʻikepili MME2020, Ua loaʻa iā Brazil 26 nui a me ka liʻiliʻi-nui i nā wahi hana seramika maʻemaʻe, aia ma ʻewalu mokuʻāina. ʻO ka hana nui nā kīʻaha, Nā Kuoki, Urionals, etc., ʻo ia ke kūlana makeke i kēlā me kēia māhele: halepakuka (me ka pahu) (37%); Basin (25%); halepakuka (me ka pahu ole) (20%); kolamu kolamu (10%); poho (5%); mimi mimi (3%). ʻO ka huina o kēia manawa 22 miliona ʻāpana.

Wahi a ka hui ʻana o MME, ʻO ka hana ʻana i nā seramika maʻemaʻe i hoʻomaka mua ʻia i kekahi mau kūlanakauhale ma ka ʻaoʻao hema hema o Brazil, a i na makahiki he umi i hala, ma o ke kaʻina o ka decentralization ʻoihana, ua puunaue malie ia i ewalu mokuaina, hoonui i na mea kanu i 20. ʻO ka ʻāina ʻo Jundiai ma ka hikina hema ʻo Brazil ka pūʻulu nui o nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe seramika ma ka ʻāina..

Kumu: MME, Kukina & ʻauʻau

Rio de Janeiro

I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, i ka wā i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka hana ma nā hui nui, ua alakaʻi ka hopena o ke poʻo i ka puka ʻana mai o nā ʻoihana liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i ʻike i nā mea maʻemaʻe haʻahaʻa. (ʻehā mau mea kanu ma ka Hikina ʻĀkau a ʻekolu ma ka mokuʻāina ʻo Minas Gerais). ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o kēia mau ʻoihana liʻiliʻi 10% o ka mahele makeke kūloko ma Palakila, He mau hōʻailona koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi lākou e hiki ai iā Brazil ke loaʻa i kahi kaiaola ʻenehana maikaʻi i ka wā e hiki mai ana.

Hoʻopau nā mākeke kuʻuna a kiʻekiʻe o Brazil i ka hapa nui o ka hana kūloko. Ma ka aoao lawe aku, i loko 2012, 2013 a 2014, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kahi hemahema o nā mea lawe aku, hoʻi i ka maʻamau mai 2015. In 2018, huina hoonui 233,000 mau tona, he mahuahua o 20% makahiki-i-makahiki. Ua hiki aku $38.8 miliona ma nā mea e hoʻokuʻu aku ai, he mahuahua o 12% makahiki-i-makahiki. ʻO ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Paraguay nā pahuhopu nui loa.

2015-2019 Hoʻokomo a hoʻopuka ʻia nā Ceramics ma Brazil

E like me ka helu, i loko 2008, aia ma kahi o 7,500 nā hana ma ka ʻoihana maʻemaʻe ma Brazil. ʻO ka awelika o ka noho ʻana i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana hana ma kahi o 235 ʻāpana / limahana / mahina a i ʻole 280 ʻāpana / limahana / makahiki. ʻO nā hale hana ʻo Brazil me ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ka automation i loaʻa ka huahana o 300 ʻāpana / limahana / mahina, ka pae like o ka hana ʻana me nā ʻoihana alakaʻi honua. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi loa o ka huahana ma ka ʻāina e pili ana 180 ʻāpana / limahana / mahina.

ʻO ke kālā e koi ʻia e hoʻokomo i kahi mea kanu hou i ka ʻāina ma kahi o R $ 50 miliona (e pili ana iā RMB 57.7 miliona), me ka hiki o ka mahina o kahi 80,000 ʻāpana. No ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o ka hana Brazilian mai 2010 i 2030, ʻo ka huina kālā e manaʻo ʻia e hōʻea i R $ 1.2 a i R $ 2.4 biliona i ka manawa.

He ʻaelike i pūlima ʻia 2003 ma waena o nā mea hana ma ka māhele a me ka Brazilian Quality and Productivity Program (PBQP) ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke koi ʻana o ka lumi halepaku ʻaʻole pono e ʻoi aku ma mua o 6 Liohala, me ka nānā ʻole i ka ʻōnaehana holoi i hoʻohana ʻia, a pono e hoʻomau i ka hiki ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi. I kēia manawa, 6-Ke hoʻololi nei nā halepaku lita i nā halepaku 15-lita ma ka ʻāina.

ʻO ke kumu ikehu no ka ʻoihana ʻauʻau ʻauʻau ʻo Brazil ka nui o ke kinoea maoli, a me ka uila e pono ai no ka holo ʻana i nā mea hana i nā mea kanu ʻoihana.

ʻOkoʻa ka hoʻohana kinoea kūlohelohe mai 153 m3/toni i 388 m3/toni, me ka awelika o kahi 306 m3/toni. ʻO nā kumukūʻai hoʻohana uila mai 500 kWh/ton i 900 kWh/ton, me ka awelika o 650 kWh/ton. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea kanu ʻoihana ma Brazil e hana ma ke ʻano like me nā ʻano hoʻohana ikehu o nā ʻāina hana nui o ka honua..